Transactional Analysis
Journal
January 2006 Abstract
Volume 36, Number 1
Ego State Relational Units and Resistance to Change
Ray Little, pp. 7-19
In this article the author attempts to make sense
of what seems to be a difficulty some clients have in letting go of
self-defeating behaviors and old ways of relating, that is, why some clients
resist the process of therapy. The author explores how the ego state model
explains this resistance and how a model of ego state relational units helps
the therapist to understand and work more effectively with this process.
Freudian Agencies, Psychic Organs, and Ego States
Jorge Oller-Vallejo, pp. 20-24
This article offers one view of the
relationship between Freudian agencies and psychic organs as structural
components in the formation of the historical and functional ego states. It
also presents an integrative perspective on this matter, taking into account
the unconscious, the preconscious, and the conscious.
The Hot Cross Bun Model: The Nature of the Impasse in
Stammering
Christine Hyde, pp. 25-32
The nature of the impasse in
individuals who stammer is explored and defined by means of a new model. The
need to account for the complexity of the impasse is emphasized, and the use of
transactional analysis in understanding and working with the impasse is
encouraged.
The Don Juan Syndrome: The Script of the Great Losing
Lover
Michele Novellino, pp. 33-43
The aim of this article is to
present a particular male psychological script characterized by a distorted
approach to relationships with women. The article retraces and outlines the
profile of Don Juan as described by the Spanish dramatist Tirso de Molina in
his play and as portrayed by many others artists. The main personality
characteristics and diagnostic/treatment criteria of the Don Juan syndrome are
described
Awareness and Discounting: New Tools for
Task/Option-Oriented Settings
Ritchie Macefield and Ken Mellor, pp.
44-58
In this article, two new tools are presented: the
awareness-discounting matrix and the awareness action sequence. The first is a
variant of the discounting matrix developed by Mellor and Schiff (1975); the
second is completely new. Created for task-oriented and option-oriented
functions-which occur in many contexts, particularly educational and commercial
settings-the new developments are specifically designed to deal with the
different emphases needed in such settings compared with the predominant
requirements of contexts in which personal resolution or growth and development
are primary. The tools are each defined and described. Helpful relationships,
guidelines, and principles related both to the way these tools work and how
they can be used are also discussed and illustrated. The tools have been
applied in a wide variety of settings, including the information technology
(IT) education field, from which many of the examples in this article are
drawn.
Transactional Analysis of AIDS Prevention Advertising
Sue Dalton, Floyd H. Bolitho, Stuart C. Carr, Alicia Commons, and Malcolm
MacLachlan, pp. 59-67
Germane to the production and use of health education
advertisements is their effectiveness. MacLachlan, Carr, Fardell, Maffesoni,
and Cunningham (1997) proposed that an HIV/AIDS health education message is
more effective when the ego state "hooked" by the advertisement is
complementary (parallel) to the ego state experienced during sexual
interaction. The aim of this study was to test this model further and, through
minor modification of the original design, to gather additional salient
subsidiary data. One hundred and forty-four sexually active Australian
undergraduates viewed two government-sponsored television advertisements
("Reaper" and "Beds") designed to prevent the spread of acquired immune
deficiency syndrome (AIDS). After the viewing, the participants were asked to
identify the ego states projected by the advertisements, the ego states they
would have preferred to have projected, and their prediction of their own ego
state during sexual interaction with both a steady and a casual partner. The
participants rated the effectiveness of each of the two advertisements on a
categorical scale (poor, satisfactory, good, and excellent) for each of two
dimensions (conveying knowledge about HIV/AIDS and conveying the need for safe
sexual practices). Higher ratings for effectiveness on both dimensions were
found for parallel transactions represented as matches between projected ego
states and preferred ego states at the time of viewing (?2 (N = 143) = 33.7 p
< .001; ?2 (3, N = 143) = 43.1 p < .001; ?2 (3, N = 140) = 36.1 p <
.001; and ?2 (N = 141) = 28.1 p < .001), but not for matches (parallel
transactions) between advertisement projected ego states and predicted ego
states for self during sexual interactions. Analysis of subsidiary data
revealed that predicted ego states did not differ according to type of sexual
partner (steady, casual); both advertisements were rated as more effective in
conveying the need for safe sexual practices than knowledge about HIV/AIDS (z -
6.8, p < .001 & z - 8.9 p < .001); the "Beds" advertisement was rated
more effective than the "Reaper" advertisement for both knowledge impact and
need for safe practices (z - 2.67, p < .01 & z - 6.0 p < .001); and
the majority (63% and 66%) of respondents selected Adult to Adult as their
preferred ego states for the advertisements to project. The utility of
transactional analysis in the social marketing and evaluation of health
education is discussed with reference to overcoming its limitations through the
development of a transactional positioning approach.
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