Transactional Analysis
Journal
July 2001 Abstract
Vol 31 No 3
Psychotherapy as a Mourning Process
by Fred
Clark
Mourning and psychotherapy have a great deal in common. This
article discusses Kübler-Ross's (1969) stages of mourning and related
processes in psychotherapy. Treatment is enhanced when clinicians understand
the ways in which clients are mourning their relationship losses.
The Effects of Communication Skills Training on Ego
States and Problem Solving
by Sabahattin Çam and Füsun
Akkoyun
This article describes an experimental study carried out to
test the effectiveness of a communication skills program on transactional
analysis ego states and the problem solving scores of prospective teachers. The
experimental group participated in training, whereas the control group had no
training. The Adjective Check List and Problem Solving Inventory were applied
to both the experimental and control groups before and after treatment.
Analysis of covariance test results showed that Critical Parent, Nurturing
Parent, Adult, and Adapted Child scores and problem solving scores changed
significantly in the experimental group. In addition, one-way analysis of
variance and paired t tests were used to test the durability of change in the
experimental group; this showed that results remained stable over 15
weeks.
The Ego States and the Three Basic Functions
by Jorge Oller-Vallejo
Based on studies of
attachment-separation-individuation needs, this article describes the three
basic functions-caregetting, caregiving, and individuating-that are required
for human development. These three functions are then related through an
integrative approach to both the three ego states model and the integrating
Adult model, models about which there is currently considerable
controversy.
Gender Scripting as a Factor in Domestic Violence
by Linda Gregory
This article discusses components of male and
female gender scripting and their effects on individuals and relationships,
particularly in relation to domestic violence. Descriptions of constructs of
Western cultural gender scripting are offered based on the author's clinical
experience and her interviews with men who participated in a qualitative
research project to determine the causes of domestic violence and nonviolence.
Three patterns that are common to violent/abusive men and that are based on
gender scripting are presented.
Supporting Terminally Ill Patients and Their Families
Using Refocalization Psychology and Transactional Analysis
by
Francisco Del Casale
Often when faced with terminally ill patients we
pay little attention to their families. This article suggests that a
therapeutic community or team made up of a physician, a psychotherapist, and a
nurse, along with the patient and his or her family, can be helpful in such
cases. In particular, the psychotherapist's task is to provide emotional
support for the patient, his or her family, and the other members of the team
as well as to facilitate family members in finding ways they can actively help
the patient to die with dignity. The paradox is to help the patient die while
helping the family to live.
Brief Communications
Freud's Contribution to the Concept of the Natural
Child
by Ken Woods
This article considers some of the
author's reservations about the way the concept of the Natural Child is
sometimes used in transactional analysis. This is followed by a discussion of
the relevance of Freudian dream analysis in understanding the long-repressed
wishes and desires of the Natural Child state of the ego.
The Contact Contract
by Tony White
To
state the obvious, clients and therapists are humans. Yet we become so
proficient and well trained as psychotherapists that we inevitably lose our
humanness. This article shows how this happens by distinguishing between
genuine Free Child and learned Free Child and how maintaining some form of
genuineness with clients is possible using the contact contract.
The Orientation of Psychic Energy Cathexis in Ego States:
An Expanded Egograms Model
by Kazuo Nishikawa
This article
describes a hypothetical model of egograms that discriminates between the
orientation of the psychic energy cathected to each ego state. The first
orientation is to behaviors, thoughts, and feelings concerning oneself (e.g.,
taking care of oneself). The second orientation is to interaction with others
(e.g., loving a child). Using Jung's terms, in the first or inward orientation,
psychic energy is cathected to the subject; in the second or outward
orientation, psychic energy is cathected to the object. The first refers to I
oriented ego states and the second to U (You) oriented ego states. Measuring
and depicting the intensity of I oriented and U oriented ego states in the form
of egograms make it possible to diagnose dynamic interaction between
differently cathected ego states in terms of psychic energy orientation and to
develop more successful and detailed therapeutic interventions according to the
patterns found in multidimensional egograms.
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